English+Year+11

 =** Writing Short Stories **=  The short story is the ideal place to start when you are beginning to write fiction. Many writers started their careers with collections of short stories. The best short stories convey their ideas with succinct and economical prose, hinting at big themes without being overt. Although shorter than novels, short stories can be vehicles for experimentation.  Ideas Great short stories have just one major idea at their core. This idea can come from anywhere: the lyrics to a song, an item of news, a memory or a dream. This idea, or theme, will form the backbone of your story. All characters involved should, at least in part, represent a part of this theme. It is best not to limit yourself to writing in a particular genre, as successful fiction transcends these limits.  Try to write about one or two characters. Too many characters will clutter the story. Think about the characters as if you know them - what do they like? What are they aiming for? The more you think about the characters, the more believable they will be. If the characters represent something else, as in a fable, flesh them out as much as you can. Be original stereotypes can put readers off.  Style A good short story is defined by the way it is written. Contemporary reader are impressed by both style and content. Be precise and economical. Also, be brutal with your rewrites, slashing any word that doesn't add to the story. In the words of George Orwell: "If it's possible to cut a word out, always cut it out."  Get Writing To write successful short stories, you need to put the hours in. Any writer worth their salt is dedicated to the craft of writing. For example, Oscar Wilde would spend a day deliberating over a period or comma. The trick is to enjoy it. If a part of your story bores you, scrap it and try something else. If you are stuck for a lack of ideas, use the time refining what you have already written.  = Poetry = Assignment poems. [|https://drive.google.com/?tab=wo&authuser=0#my-drive]

www.poetry.org []

= = = An Analysis of a poem = Introduction. Who is the speaker? What is the poem about? (event, theme, idea) Where and when is the poem set? What is the tone (emotion) conveyed? Does this change? Is there a regular rhyme scheme of rhythm? __Short poem __ (fewer than 20 lines) - Work through it line by line, stanza by stanza. __Long poem __ Use divisions to structure you analysis. For example stanza or obvious changes is subject, tone or setting. May need to focus on certain lines. Try to work methodically through the poem rather than jump around.
 * Body
 * Body

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">1) Analyse Images <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">2) Analyse specific words or phrases. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">3) Comment on rhythm and rhyme. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">4) Analyse any change in tone. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">5) Analyse the resolution/conclusion. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">a) Analyse images <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Identify simile, metaphor, personification. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Explain their meaning and effect. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">what do they convey, evoke, emphasise, imply, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">communicate or express. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">(use these words not ‘trying to convey’) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">b) Analyse specific words or phrases. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">What are the connotations of the word. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Why are they significant. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">What is there effect on the audience. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">If there is a regular rhythm of rhyme scheme comment on the effects. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">c) Analyse change in tone <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Identify the change (how can you tell) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">- What is the change – from what to what. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">For example: anger to resignation. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Why is there a change. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">What does it convey. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">d) Analyse the resolution / conclusion. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">How does the poem end. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">What is the tone emotion. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Is there any new insight or understanding <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Conclusion – one paragraph <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">In light of your analysis, what is the main theme or idea of the poem. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">What poetic techniques are used to convey this idea and any relevant emotion or feelings. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">How does the poem affect its audience with regard to its subject, topic or theme.

=**Poetry Skills**=
 * Simile**

He eats like a pig.
 * A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. We can use similes to make descriptions more emphatic or vivid.**
 * We often use the words as...as and like with similes.**
 * Common patterns for similes, with example sentences, are:**
 * something [is*] AS adjective AS something**
 * His skin was as cold as ice.**
 * It felt as hard as rock.**
 * She looked as gentle as a lamb**
 * something [is*] LIKE something**
 * He had a temper (that was) like a volcano.**
 * something [does**] LIKE something

Metaphor A __[|figure of speech]__ in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common. A metaphor expresses the unfamiliar (the __[|tenor]__) in terms of the familiar (the __[|vehicle]__). “He was drowning in paperwork” is a //metaphor// in which having to deal with a lot of paperwork is being compared to drowning in an ocean of water.

Personification A type of metaphor that refers to things or abstract ideas as if they were human. The act of __personifying__ .This type of poetry technique example would be the classic poem by Emily Dickinson, The Train wherein she has personified the train so beautifully. Just go through the lines below, "I like to see it lap the miles, An lick the valleys up, And stop to feed itself at tanks; And then, prodigious, step."

Symbols A symbol is a type of metaphor where one things stands for or represents something other than its literal meaning. For example a heart symbolising love A dove symbolising peace.

Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., cuckoo, sizzle). Some other very common English-language examples include //hiccup//, //zoom//, //bang//, //beep//, //moo//, and //splash//. [|Machines] and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in //honk// or //beep-beep// for the horn of an automobile, and //vroom// or //brum// for the engine.

Hyperbole An hyperbole is a technique that exaggerates a quality, a person, or a thing; deliberately to emphasize more on the emotional impact. By definition, a hyperbole is a figure of speech where statements are exaggerated or extravagant to show the emotional intensity of the thing/person referred to. An example of hyperbole in a poem would be,

"An hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes and on thy forehead gaze; Two hundred to adore each breast; But thirty thousand to the rest..." ~ To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell

Alliteration

Alliteration is when the poetry has usage of repetitive consonant sounds at the beginning of the words, or, when two or more than two words begin with the same sound or letters with the same sound in a poem. An example of this poetry technique would be;

Assonance The repetition of vowels that sound similar. The emphasis is only on the Vowel sounds, although, the consonants can be different. Similar vowel sounds are repeated in the words of a poem. "And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride. ~ Edgar Allan Poe, "Annabel Lee" This example clearly shows the use of similar vowel ('i') sounds which can be found in the words like night, tide, lie, side, life and bride.

Consonance Unlike assonance, where the focus was on similar vowel sounds, in consonance, there is repetitive nature of consonant sounds anywhere throughout the poem and not just the beginning. An example would be, "The sun came up upon the left, Out of the sea came he! And he shone bright, and on the right Went down into the sea." ~ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridg In the above extract, the 'S' sound is the consonance.

End Rhyme As the term sounds, this technique is to use rhyming words towards the ending lines of the poetry! "Whose woods these are I think I know His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow." ~ Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost

Internal Rhyme Scheme Again, it is self-explanatory that internal rhyme technique in poetry is when rhyming words are included within the lines of the poetry. "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door." ~ Edgar Allan Poe's, "The Raven."

Repetitive Technique The repetitive technique in poetry is when a word or a phrase is repeated again and again in such a way that it draws the reader's attention to it. It is among the very popular poetry techniques for kids. "The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep." ~ Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost

Rhythm The patterned recurrence, within a certain range of regularity, of specific language features, usually features of sound. Although difficult to define, rhythm is readily discriminated by the ear and the mind, having as it does a physiological basis. It is universally agreed to involve qualities of movement, repetition, and pattern and to arise from the poem’s nature as a temporal structure. The presence of rhythmic patterns heightens emotional response and often affords the reader a sense of balance.

Using Meter In Poetry

Usage of meter in a poetry helps in creating a rhythm. This is done by repetition of the same sound patterns in a line, but then the patterns might change throughout the different lines of the poem. The types of meters can be summarized into the categories, for example: Iambic: This is a 2 syllable meter wherein the first part is unaccented and the second is accented. Trochee: It is again a 2 syllable meter wherein the first part is accented and the second is unaccented, Example for these would be, "TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;" ~ The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost

Imagery Technique Use of a language that involves our senses. Such technique is mostly used in poems about dreams and fantasies. When a poet uses the imagery technique in a poem, he writes in such a way that allows our imagination to see, feel, smell, hear, and engross in the matter in a powerful way, although being aware of your own world.

"Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table; Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets, The muttering retreats Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotel And sawdust restaurants with oyster shells." ~ J. Alfred Prufrock**

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