Geography+Year+8

__ Topic 10. An Unequal World. __ // In the world today there is a large gap between // // rich (developed countries) and poor countries // // (developing countries). //

// There are enough resources to provide adequate health care, food, // // safe water, basic education and sanitation for // // everyone in the world. //

// Variations in access creates vastly different life //// opportunities throughout the world. //

__Poverty and Wealth__
Wealthiest 20% of the world receives 85% of the world’s income.

Absolute poverty : people barely survive.

Relative poverty : people do not have enough money compared to other people in their country.

__ Food for a hungry world. __
In the next hour, 9000 babies will be born and by this time tomorrow, the world will have over 200 000 extra mouths to feed.

Every day 24 000 people die from hunger and ** malnutrition ** , but in reality there is enough food to feed everyone on Earth.

Poverty is both a cause and effect of famine and hunger.

More than 850 million people go to bed __hungry__ each night; most of them are women and children.

In contrast, **__ famine __** is a severe shortage of food in a region.

Wars, droughts, floods and pests can cause crop failures and food shortages.

Famine also leads to skyrocketing food prices, reducing the access of people to food.

Since 1960 there has been a decrease in the number of hungry people thanks to:

World Health Organisation (WHO) United Nations World Food Program (WFP) and ** non-government organisations (NGOs) ** such as Freedom from Hunger.

__ Global Food Market __

Food is a ** commodity ** that is bought and sold on the global market.

Australia exports live lambs to Saudi Arabia, rice to Japan, beef and wine to the USA and wheat to China, Iraq and Vietnam.

At the same time our local supermarket shelves are filled with goods from around the world.

Much of the world’s food trade is controlled by TNCs.

Nestlé, the world's largest food manufacturer, has factories in more than 80 countries and a turnover of A$97 billion.

Coffee is the second most traded global commodity, after oil.

Four TNCs Sara Lee, Kraft, Procter & Gamble and Nestlé buy 50 per cent of the world's coffee, mostly from developing countries.

Pressure to grow cash crops such as coffee, TNCs has resulted in land in developing countries being devoted to international crops.

Less land is devoted to local food, essential to feed hungry populations.

watch this You Tube

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__ Safe Water Shortage __

Watch this You Tube. []

Water is the earth most precious resource. 80% of the globe is covered by water, But only 1% is fresh water available for our use.

Water used has increased over the last 100 years (industry, agriculture) but so has technology to capture it.

Water scarcity is the single greatest threat to human health.

Sustainable development of limited water supplies is essential for long-term survival.

__ Water Storage __

Poor countries find it extremely difficult to build dams, irrigate or purify water.

__ Water Quality and Disease. __

Drinking and washing in polluted water rivers and creeks causes 80% of the diseases in developing countries.

Diarrhoea (dysentery, malaria and hookworm).



People living with a lack of shelter. Approx. 1 billion people live in substandard housing.

Often these people live alongside affluence.

In this lesson we will look at a case study of people in Nairobi, Kenya a poor country in Africa. Goto Geo 1, page 218 and let’s look at how many poorer people live.

watch []

__ Inequalities in Health. __ Things that impact health include: access to doctors, hospitals, drugs, clean water, sanitation and a balanced diet. Inequalities exist __between__ and __within__ countries.

__How long do people live.__ [] Countries with higher standards of living live longer. Food shortages, diseases such as AIDS, and warfare. Other factors include work related deaths such as poisoning from mining.

__Infant mortality.__ [] Almost 12,000 of the 350,000 of the babies born each day die within the first month. This can be caused by polluted water and poor hygiene.

__AIDS__ [] AIDS is a virus that damages the immune system and leaves people open to infection. It is spread by drug use and sexual activity. There are 42 million people living with AIDS and it causes over 70,000 deaths a day.

__Education around the world. __ Education is important for the development of a country. It is more than a source of knowledge. Education empowers people to understand important issues such as:

1) providing clean drinking water and adequate sanitation to reduce disease 2) improving farming methods to reduce hunger and malnutrition 3) the problems of overpopulation and sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS.

Without the ability to read, write and calculate, your choice of jobs is limited.

Unfortunately, this human right is not equally distributed as 25 per cent of adults living in developing countries cannot read or write and, of the 115 million primary-aged children who do not attend school, 60 per cent are girls.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">See Geo 1 p. 224 on class sizes.

__<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Education of women. __

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Look at this website. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">[]

__<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Thing are getting better. __

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Global **<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">illiteracy **<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">has been reduced from 25 % in 1990 to 19 per cent in 2003. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Many countries have success stories such as the increase in <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">the number of students since school fees were abolished in Kenya, and <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">the Internet project to provide every student with free access to email <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">and online learning in South Africa.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Chinese schools []

Children teaching children in India []

DIFFERENT LIFE OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The majority of the poor people of the world are women. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Women are often: <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">a) widowed or abandoned. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">b) Excluded from education. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">c) Find difficulty getting credit. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">d) Left out of inheritance for land. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">e) Discriminated against due to religion. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">For example: 20 million women in the USA live below the poverty <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">line because they are single mothers.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rule of the Taliban. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Taliban ruled Afghanistan from 1996 until the 2001 US invasion. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Taliban expelled women from the workforce, banned them from <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Attending school and university and compelled them to wear a <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">full burqa. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">They could only appear in public with a male family member.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Watch []

__ Australian Aid __ AusAID (Australian Agency for International Development). Manages the Australian government’s official aid program. Works with Australian business, and NGOs such as World Vision and international agencies such as the Red Cross. __Australian Foreign Aid.__ Australia gives nearly $2 billion of aid per year to relieve world poverty and maintain regional security. Includes money, food and services. Funded by the Federal Government. Responds to ongoing issues such as AIDS as well as crisis such as war, famine and natural disasters.

Goto AusAID website []

See this project. []

See this aid project <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[]

= Topic 11: Global Resource Use =

__<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 14pt;">Population Pressure on Resources. __ <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">World population has grown from 2.5 to 6.3 billion over the last 50years. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">As populations increase: <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">- Farmland is lost to urban expansion. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">- Deforestation and overgrazing or farming land. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">- Fresh water supplies come under pressure. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">- Increased emissions of carbon dioxide (greenhouse effect). <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The main areas of population expansion are in Asia and Africa, the poorest regions. __<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Consumption of Resources. __ <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Even though population growth is slower in developing countries, they use more of the world’s resources. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">For example, a person in the USA consumes 30 times the resources compared to a person in India. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">If everyone on Earth lived like the average American then 4 Earths would be needed to supply all the resources. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kony 2012. <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 14pt;">Misuse of Natural Resouces

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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">The __biosphere__ of the Earth is where all living things are found including natural and man-altered environments. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Ecosystems are smaller environments where living things interact. Some are in danger due to the misuse of resources. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- 12% of the world’ irrigated land suffers from salinity problems. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- Soil exhaustion from over-farming makes the land less productive. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- 50% of the world’s forests have been destroyed the majority located in tropical regions which threatens rainforest habitats. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- Pollution of rivers and groundwater. In China many of the rivers no longer support fish. [] <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Pollution <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- Waste material that is discharged into the environment. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- Can be natural, man-made or accidents. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- Man-made pollution includes: smog, acid rain, discharge of toxic waste, littering, <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">dumping of industrial waste. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">- Monoculture: introduction of large amounts of fertilizer and chemicals into the farming environment.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif;">Post WWII DDT use. []

Case Study Resources Flashpoint Southern Africa: The Okavango River.

Refer handout pp. 238-239 of Geo 1.

watch the following. [] []

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 22pt;">Oil Resources. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The formation of oil takes hundreds of millions of years. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oil is fundamental to the current world economic system. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Increased demand for oil has created fears of a future global shortage.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) supplies could run out in this century. [] <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(See diagrams for oil reserves and oil consumption p. 242 Geo 1).

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oil rarely brings wealth to those that live near the resource. These communities can be poor and polluted. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oil exporting countries can be plagued by conflicts and often spend their oil wealth on weapons. <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The top 10 global oil corporations control 70% of the world’s oil reserves and often bring jobs and <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">development to oil rich countries.

<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(revenue received in $ billions) <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">ExxonMobil 182.5 <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Royal Dutch/Shell Group 179.4 <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BP 178.7 <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total 96.9 <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">ChevronTexaco 92.0
 * <span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Top oil corporations, 2002 **

__<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Unsustainable – yes or no? __ [] []

__<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Over the last 100 years oil consumption has increased 160x __ __<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Transport consumes 60% of global oil production. __ __<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Massive push to replace oil for environmental and supply reasons. __

Mentawai Islands Mentawai perfection [] Mentawai people [] Mentawai traditional ceremony []

Mentawai tatoo []

Human rights [] Human rights are based on the idea that all human beings are equal and deserve fair and equal treatment. It is an idea that has taken many centuries to be accepted and there are still some people who do not agree with it. Individual countries over time have developed a range of laws to protect human rights. These laws vary across the globe, not only in their protection of human rights but also in the extent to which they are observed and enforced. A major global breakthrough on human rights took place on 10 December 1948, when the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This Declaration sets out in a series of articles the basic human rights of all people. Some of the rights set out in the Declaration are as follows. Extract from the Universal Declarationof Human Rights Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 7 The law is the same for everyone. It should be applied in the same way for all. Article 13 You have the right to come and go as you wish in your country. You have the right to leave your country for another one and you can return to your country if you wish. Article 18 You have the right to choose your religion freely, to change it, to practise it as you wish, on your own or with other people. Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for their own health and wellbeing and that of their family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Countries can choose to either ratify or sign international human rights agreements. Those countries that ratify international agreements are bound to observe the provisions of such agreements. Countries that only sign such agreements undertake not to act in any way which is contrary to the aims of the agreement. Types of human rights Human rights can be divided into two main types: concerned with the quality of life and having a decent standard of living to choose how one's country is run and to conduct one's life free from interference.
 * social, economic and cultural rights, which are
 * ·civil and political rights, which cover the right

Abuses of human rights occur around the world.

This abuse can take many forms: people may be

arrested and held without being charged for any

crime, political opponents may `disappear' or be

tortured, civilians may be killed or executed, and

police may treat prisoners with brutality. Each

year the worldwide voluntary human rights

organisation, Amnesty International, publishes a

report on human rights abuses around the world.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International is a worldwide human rights

movement with members in more than 150 countries.

Campaigns run by Amnesty

International are guided by the

Universal Declaration of

Human Rights and include:

· the release of prisoners of conscience

· fair and prompt trials for political prisoners

· the abolition of torture and executions.

Self Dermination Indigenous People [] Indigenous people are the descendants of the original people of a country or place. For example are Aboriginal Australians, the Sami of northern Europe, the Inuit of northern Canada and the Maoris of New Zealand. Indigenous people have their own culture which usually includes language, religion, social and political organisation and technology. During the expansion of European power across the world from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century and the great migrations associated with it, many indigenous people lost their land and culture through conquest and settlement. This was mainly achieved through the newcomers' superior military technology. For example, the indigenous Indian tribes of North America and the Maoris of New Zealand were no match for Europeans with their guns. Many indigenous people became minority groups. Minority groups are often singled out from other people for different and unequal treatment. They therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. Self Determination. Often indigenous groups, if they are concentrated in a particular part of the country, will seek selfdetermination as a way of protecting their human rights. Self-determination is the right of a nation or group of people to form their own government. In Canada, Sweden and the United States there have been movements towards self determination for indigenous groups. See West Papua []

Tourism

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Tourism is the world's fastest growing industry.

It is an enjoyable activity and can increase

understanding between different communities

around the world. However, tourism can also

reinforce prejudices and damage environments.

During the second half of the twentieth century,

mass tourism gradually became established in

developed countries. There were a number of

reasons for this:


 * widespread ownership of motor cars and the

development of roads


 * increase in leisure time plus paid holiday leave

and long-service leave


 * development of jet aeroplanes, particularly

wide-body jets, resulting in much faster and

cheaper travel


 * development of worldwide credit cards which

allowed easy payment for purchases


 * development of the Internet, resulting in

quicker and cheaper booking of travel arrangements

and accommodation


 * growth in real incomes which meant people

had more money to spend on tourism.

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Tourism Benefits Economic Tourism is big business. Along with the big crowds comes big money. Income generated from tourism in 2002 ($100 billion) made it the world's number one export earner. In order to attract tourists, local and national governments often improve facilities such as roads, electricity, public transport, water and sewerage. These bene ®ts are also enjoyed by the local people. An example of this type of spending is the money that goes into the Olympic Games. The Chinese Government, for example, expects to spend nearly $7 billion on new facilities for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. Social Travelling to different places can increase our understanding of each other's values and way of life. It can strengthen some cultural traditions Ð especially if tourists become interested in these traditions. The revenue that tourism generates can be used to raise living standards within a community or a country. Environmental The money that tourism brings to a community can also be used to help conserve or repair the environment. This can then lead to more tourists wanting to visit the area. In some areas of the world, natural environments such as rainforests and reefs have been preserved because they are what the tourist wants to see. The mountain gorillas of Africa, the orang-utans of Indonesia and Kenya's  elephants all rely on tourism for their long-term survival. Kenyan authorities estimate that a single lion can generate $7000 a year in tourist income, while a herd of elephants is worth over $600 000. Quite simply, they are worth more alive than dead. The human environment can also bene®t from tourism. This is most obvious when historic buildings are restored in order to attract more tourists. Tourist dollars have helped to restore sites such as the famous ruins of Pompeii in Italy Tourism Negatives Tourism will increase understanding and promote international goodwill. It can also have negative impacts, particularly in developing countries. Aspects of local culture, such as traditional dances, ceremonies, arts and crafts are changed to suit the needs of tourists. A famous dance in Bali, the Kechak (monkey dance), used to take hours to complete. __Now it is usually performed__ __in little more than 15 minutes. Tourists__ __often want to buy arts and crafts, but don't want__ __to pay for the time and effort that goes into original__ __works.__ The emphasis moves from quality to quantity. Traditional skills may be lost forever when artefacts are mass produced to meet the needs of tourists. Damage to Culture When rich tourists come into contact with poor locals, frustration and resentment can lead to an increase in local crime such as bag snatching and other forms of stealing. In some Asian countries, prostitution is an increasing problem. Casinos and hotels, designed to bring tourists in, also make gambling and alcohol available to local communities and may cause disruption to family and community life. Sometimes the local people, especially the younger people, start to reject aspects of their own culture, causing tension in local communities (see, for example, the quote  from a Yami elder in the sample study opposite). Many tourists want to experience local culture, but prefer to stay in the comfortable and safe environment of luxury hotels. These enclaves often have high walls and guards to keep locals out. Tourists make coach trips to see local activities and sights. Such enclaves can cause resentment. In India, hotels have beeen built right onto the beach at Goa. Small landowners were forced to sell their properties at low prices Growh in Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour. When rich tourists come into contact with poor locals, frustration and resentment can lead to an increase in local crime such as bag snatching and other forms of stealing. In some Asian countries, prostitution is an increasing problem. Casinos and hotels, designed to bring tourists in, also make gambling and alcohol available to local communities and may cause disruption to family and community life. Sometimes the local people, especially the younger people, start to reject aspects of their own culture, causing tension in local communities (see, for example, the quote  from a Yami elder in the sample study opposite). Environment. The effects of tourism on the physical environment depend very much on the intensity and the type of tourism. Physical Environment. Many natural coastal habitats and ecosystems have been destroyed or damaged. The main coastal areas under threat are in the tropics where habitats such as coral reefs, sandy beaches and coastlines are what the tourists come to see. Other habitats are often seen as valueless. Wetlands are dredged and drained to make way for marinas, ports and golf courses, destroying fish nursery grounds and increasing run-off and siltation. Hotels often pump untreated sewage into the sea, and boats and cruise ships sometimes dump it directly overboard Building Environment. Large cities are able to handle large numbers of tourists. They already have infrastructure available to meet the needs of the existing population. They have hotels, restaurants, transportation and general services such as electricity, sewerage and police. Even so, the in¯ux of large numbers can still create problems. Local residents complain that tourists use facilities that they want to use. The types of shops and buildings can start to change. In the tourist areas of London and Paris corner stores have disappeared because rents have risen. They are often replaced by souvenir shops and clothing stores. Eco Tourism []